HCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin)
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a hormone produced by the placenta during pregnancy. It plays a crucial role in thickening the uterine lining to support embryo development and signals the body to halt menstruation. HCG levels increase after conception and continue to rise until approximately the 10th week of pregnancy.
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What is Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)?
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a hormone produced by the placenta during pregnancy. Often referred to as the pregnancy hormone, it plays a vital role in sustaining a pregnancy. HCG can be detected in blood or urine approximately 10 to 11 days after fertilization. Its levels peak near the end of the first trimester (around 10 weeks) before gradually decreasing for the remainder of pregnancy. Healthcare providers monitor hCG levels to confirm pregnancy and assess its progression.
Structure of hCG
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a glycoprotein.
It consists of 237 amino acids.
Its molecular mass is 36.7 kDa.
It is composed of:
- αhCG: Approximately 14.5 kDa
- βhCG: Approximately 22.2 kDa
Function of hCG
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) plays a crucial role in pregnancy, fertility treatments, and cellular functions by supporting early fetal development and hormone regulation.
Role in Early Pregnancy
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) interacts with the LHCG receptor in the ovary, ensuring the maintenance of the corpus luteum for maternal recognition of pregnancy. This allows the corpus luteum to produce progesterone during the first trimester. Progesterone thickens the uterine lining with blood vessels and capillaries, creating a supportive environment for fetal growth.
Immune System Modulation
Researchers suggest that hCG may play a role in maternal immunotolerance. hCG-treated endometrial cells have been found to increase T cell apoptosis, indicating a potential link to immune tolerance at the maternal-fetal interface. This may help facilitate trophoblast invasion, a process essential for fetal development within the endometrium. Additionally, studies suggest a correlation between hCG levels and the severity of morning sickness or hyperemesis gravidarum in pregnant women.
Role in Cell Function and Development
Beyond pregnancy, hCG influences cellular differentiation and proliferation. It may also play a role in activating apoptosis, contributing to various biological processes.
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